takfirism in the course of history; its roots and remedies

the article presented here deals with the issue of takfīr (accusing others of apostasy), which is an intellectual complexity in the world of islam. in this respect, a survey of the historical roots of takfīr as a phenomenon and its development course in regard to the originating context and the factors and roots of it occurrence, comprises the main approach to this topic. the article demonstrates that the takfīr problem has always existed since the early islamic history. this idea has been established on numerous foundations such as ḥadīth, ideology, and prejudice. after identifying these roots, some solutions such as reappraisal of the concept of islam and delineating the “minimal islam” are among the solutions presented in this article for modifying and amending takfirism.